Sociology (Culture & Immigration) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sociology (Culture & Immigration) - Essay Example Increasingly, the rights of groups such as immigrants (transnationals) came to the forefront of sociological discourse, and the "politics of identity" were at one time seen as constraining the solidarity of the welcoming states sense of citizenship and democracy. New ways of understanding the world were emerging (Mills & Wright, 1992; Robinson, 2001). However, a contrasting viewpoint approached globalization as a positive change in the concept of democracy, and a positive end to the nation-state. At the same time multiculturalists advocated that minority rights were of importance and integrationists lobbied for solidarity of values and national aspirations, regardless of a citizen being an immigrant or a person born into the state. The argument focused on the concept of national identities being outdated. This approach stated that states will become less able to influence and regulate its immigrants, and in turn the groups will cease to consider themselves, and to be viewed as disadvantaged minority groups. This paper will review the concepts of culture and immigration with regard to public boundaries and cultural adaption, using Anderson's (2006) thesis as a filter to reinterpret the immigration issue in the 21st century. Firstly, the effects of globalization on immigration and culture shall be presented. Secondly, social being in the forms of private and background cultures will be discussed. Next, the effect of immigrant culture on the socialization of children will be outlined. Finally a conclusion shall synthesize the main points and demonstrate that culture and immigration are undergoing change in the new millennium. Globalization Effects on Immigration and Culture Current discourse on immigration notes that closed societies and the concept of a homogenized culture within a nation will limit a state's ability to compete in global markets, or to draw capital from foreign investment. This is because a global marketplace constrains state governments in their implanting regulatory economic policies, advocating instead, negotiated trade agreements that take consideration of many nations. Following the Cold-War and the fragmentation of many Central and Eastern nations, there has been an increase in attempts to constrain traditional approaches to trade and politics, which promoted sovereignty, and a shift toward flexible boarders and more collaborative decision making among states. The rapid advances in technology have provided wider access to information, skills and competencies, as well as decreased the cost of travel, which in turn has aided immigration as an option for seeking work, stable family life, or just general well-being. Hence, the bound aries between "immigrant" and "native" have become blurred globally. In turn this breakdown of boundaries has promoted new ways of celebrating and practicing culture. A transational sphere of society is created that extends and limits opportunities for immigrants (Smith, 2003). This occurs through the establishment of "diasporic membership" new political participation for immigrants within their receiving nation and their home state. The

Scientific Management Essay Example for Free

Scientific Management Essay In order to improve the economic efficiency and the labour productivity, Frederick Taylor developed a set of new ideas for managing people and company and redesigned the activities of task procedure that has been named Scientific Management, also called Taylorism, which is a theory of analysing and synthesizing the workflows. He believed that Scientific Management could create the best way of carry out every set of assignment in the shop, based on the limitation of time, details of working observation, selection and training of workers. There are four principles of Scientific Management. It required management to measure the ability of workers and their working time for the purpose of produce a reasonable daily workload scientifically, which combined the best tool and the most scientific method to divide a job into small tasks in order to devise a production line for workers to achieve the less waste, lower cost and high profit as well as paid. Most of Workers are likely to have more motivation by increasing wages. To some extent, improvement of total output could affect the pay. Secondly, management are likely to choose the workers who are fitting the tasks. Not everyone can have same level of working skill and ability of accept new knowledge. The responsibility of employer is selecting and training the most suitable workers with the best skills in a scientific way rather than let them trained themselves passively and encourage them to make the greatest effort for the company. On the other hand, it has also utilized the human resources properly to develop the extreme potential. Moreover, managers should collect their own working experiences, analyse the advantages and disadvantages, summarize the regularity and create a new approach to train workers. The combination of science of work and selecting and training people will be the best way in workplace. Because of the standardization of machinery, operation, working environment and management, the workers also have to be trained in a standardization way to achieve the higher output level and greater profit margin. In Taylor’s view, it will create a win-win situation. Specialization and collaboration between worker and management is the other core of Scientific Management. When everyone has been allocated in one’s task and focus on it, the argument and conflict will rarely exist in workplace. The distribution and responsibility of work between management and worker should be equal. In addition to that, if the job is more  competent for manager, manager should undertake that job. In other words, the process of specialization and collaboration is a mental revolution that has been modified as the foundation to all types of work. Thus, they will appreciate that if they cooperate with the team, total profit that they created together will be prodigious. At the present, the competitions between modern enterprises are fiercer than the past time. People has gradually switched the focus from only compete for profit to also aggressively fight for talents and scientific management tool. Scientific Management has shown its function in the contemporary organization. Take McDonald as an outstanding example. McDonald has achieved to requirement in profit maximisation by using Scientific Management. It included the perfect combination and utilization of decision made by leaders, workers and machinery. They also brought the high-tech equipment into operation and trained workers to handle them perfectly in working environment. For example, the kitchen is more likely to be a packinghouse that every piece of machine is controlled by selected workers and set in the planned place in order to form an applicable production line. Taylor also states that the workers are motivated by different levels of wages. Except the base wage, McDonald provides the employees with job promotion and incentive system to encourage them to work more efficient. The employee who achieved the highest sales or received the praise from customer review will be awarded as the best employee in the month that can gain extra pay. Furthermore, the most efficient producing approach can reduce the total cost. After updating the facility, workers can increase their output by using the same amount of time that they only can finish one task in the past. Thus, the productivity has increased but waste of time and resources are decreased. Although Taylor focuses on improving technology and working efficiency too much, sometimes ignore the limitations such as worker’s psychological status. Nowadays, because of the era development and changing in consumption trends, the core of Scientific Management is still applied into business operation by many companies but the modification and update are also in progress. Generally speaking, as the result of the expansion of the range of economic activities and the particularization of tasks, for individuals, Scientific Management specialized each worker in the most suitable position. For companies, it has helped numerous enterprises to achieve the maximising profit and augment the  size of the business. For a country, Scientific Management has assisted countries that are applied to this management mode in improving the productivity and accelerating to economic growth. // o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t=,o=0;o e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return studymoose.com},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf(http)==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

Opposing Views of the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy Essay -- Econom

Opposing Views of the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy Monetary policy is a powerful governmental weapon which has historically proven that it is difficult to wield. This difficulty is one of the reasons why some economists doubt the effectiveness of monetary policy as a whole. These economists find that monetary policy is difficult to implement because of estimation problems and time lag problems, as well as cyclic effects. They also point out situations in which monetary policy may not work at all. On the other hand, some economists swear by monetary policy as one of the most influential economic tools. These economists show that controlling money supply in America is a relatively young idea, and is developing rapidly. They also attempt to show that money supply affects many variables in our economy, and that it is useful in more situations than the anti-monetary policy economists, Keynesian economists, would have us believe. To gauge the ineffectiveness of monetary policy some economists call our attention to the great depression. How could governmental monetarists allow one quarter of the country to be unemployed[1] or for one third of commercial banks to be put out of business by â€Å"bank panics?†[2] People who took part in these bank panics were not only taking out their â€Å"own† money, but were taking out possible loans for others (the amount they took out multiplied by the money multiplier) which eventually became 31% of the total money supply.[3] The economist best fit to use monetary policy would be able to tell the future, or at least provide a pretty good estimate. These estimates are very difficult when sometimes the results of policy actions are not seen for months to over a year. Corrections of these ... ...ed: Mishkin, F.S. The economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets. Sixth Edition. 2003. Schwartz, A.J. Money Supply. The Concise Encyclopedia of economics. The Library of economics and Liberty. Online: http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/MoneySupply.html Meltzer, A.H. A Liquidity Trap? Online: http://www.gsia.cmu.edu/afs/andrew/gsia/meltzer/a_liquidity_trap.pdf Online: http://www.korpios.org/resurgent/Fed.htm What Role did the Fed Play in Causing the Great Depression? Ueda, K. Speech at Japan Society of Monetary economics. December, 2001. Online: http://www.boj.or.jp/en/press/koen072.htm#0202 Online: http://www.arts.unimelb.edu.au/amu/ucr/student/1997/Yee/depression.htm The Cause of the Great Depression in 1929. Online: http://www.shambhala.org/business/goldocean/causdep.html What Caused the Great Depression of the 1930’s?

A Woman’s Place Is In the Home Essay

The saying â€Å"A Woman’s Place Is In the Home† seems extremely provokative to me. I refuse to accept this idea. I strongly believe that a woman should develop some professional skills and have a job. Anyway, the question ‘to work or not to work’ is quite often raised in many families because the issue is not so clear. In my presentation I’d like to dwell on the advantages and disadvantages of the situation in which a woman has to combine family and career. I will start with the drawbacks the family may suffer from. I’ve singled out 5 of them. 1. It’s very hard sometimes to juggle family and career. A woman experiences lack of free time, lack of sleep which may lead to stress and problems with health. 2. A woman may start paying less attention to her husband and her children. As a consequence, they may get dissapointed, they may even feel that their wife and mother doesn’t love them any more. 3. Because of stress a woman may start pouring all her worries to her spouse thus irritating him. It may result in divorse. 4. A woman may retire into herself and her career thus provoking the possibility of adultery on her husband’s part who may seek endearment elsewhere. 5. In case a woman’s career is more successful than that of her spouse it may put a strain on the marriage. Some men just can’t put up with the fact that their wife earns more than they do. Now I will pass to the benefits which the family may have if a woman works. I’ll mebtion 10 of them. 1. Financial aspect – more income. 2. A woman’s self-esteem and fulfillment are developed.   3. Communication with other people beyond the family circle meets social needs of a human being. 4. Family relationships become more balanced, a husband respects his wife, doesn’t reproach her. Equality. 5. A woman feels more affection and love for her family because she misses them. 6. Children become more independent with an internalized sense of responsibility. 7. A woman becomes better groomed and better dressed thus feels happier. 8. Social benefits (insurance policy, social security). 9. Financial independence. A woman becomes a productive and contributing member of the family. 10. A job generates self-discilpline, sets order in life and makes a woman a perfect time-manager. Summing it all up I’d like to  say that I’m absolutely convinced that the benefits mentioned above prevail all the disadvantages. It worths taking risks and truing at least. In my opinion a woman’s place is not only in the home because a woman is a much more talanted and gifted creature than many men believe.

Gender inequalities in employment

IntroductionIn this essay I shall discourse the advancement of the European Union ‘s effort to level gender inequality in employment. In add-on to this, I shall analyze current EU statute law, policy issues, societal and economic challenges faced by both work forces and adult females. Finally, I shall so notice on EU solutions and farther developments that can assist relieve the spread in inequalities in employment. The European Union is besides referred to as the European Economic Community ( EEC ) it is a brotherhood consisting of 27 member provinces ; the EU was created by theTreaty of Maastrichton 1st November 1993 upon the foundations of theEuropean Economic Community ( cited in Wikipedia ) this brotherhood is merged together to better the economical, political and societal coherence amongst people who reside in these states. After the second World War, many adult females were required to carry through the infinites of work forces, who had lost their lives in conflict or were unable to work and therefore there was a ‘gap ‘ in the labour force. Womans were hence recruited and therefore introduced in to employment to beef up and keep the delicate economic system at the clip. However, on contrary to popular belief adult females continued to work even after the economic state of affairs improved, the Suffragettes motion was highly noteworthy in adult females contending for acknowledgment. From the get downing adult females were treated below the belt in respects to hapless wage, nevertheless some were happy to hold some economic independency from work forces and therefore accepted take downing occupations. ( Cited in Euro civilization maestro ) Cockburn ( 1991 ) remarks that the relationship between capitalist economy and labor is shared between foremans and work forces, and therefore neglects the gender relationships of work and place. Much of the theory sing adult females and employment is mostly based on patriarchal theories. Duncombe and Marsden ( 1995 ) argue that adult females are subjected to ‘triple displacements ‘ this involves paid labor, domestic labor and emotional labor. The emotional labor refers to the attention and heed of the household unit, i.e. the societal function of the adult female being a married woman and a female parent towards the kids and hubby. Due to such challenges the impression of protective statute law was introduced. ( Cited in Sociology: An synergistic attack p189 ) Much pacts and directive were introduced in to some EU states in effort to level gender inequality. The EEC established the rule of ‘fair wage ‘ for work forces and adult females in Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome in 1957. However this was highly complicated to pattern in all members of provinces. This was merely due to the impression of â€Å" equal wage for equal work † but it was really rare that both sexes performed the same type of work. It was besides noted that typically male occupations were much better paid so female occupations. Hence, it was evident that the socially bing norm of male ‘power ‘ was more of import than female qualities. In 1975 the EU introduced directives to farther empower adult females in the field of employment ; the council directive of 75/117/EEC farther supported the pact of Rome on equal wage. Since 1975 there have been many cardinal directives in helping adult females ‘s function in employment, some of the directives have focused on equal intervention of adult females in respects of publicity, societal security, during gestation, and sex favoritism. ( Cited in Women Lobby ) During the 1990s the EU began to recognize the significance of gender equality and how it impacted the employment sector. In 1997 the EU introduced the European Employment Strategy ( EES ) which recognized equal chances amongst work forces and adult females. The pact of Amsterdam was besides introduced in 1997 this pact was combination of past directives and farther introduced positive action to battle equal wage and favoritism amongst work forces and adult females in employment. ( Cited in Union History ) .However, there were unfavorable judgments of these policies which merely ensured that more adult females were in work and did non concentrate on the quality of the occupations they were in. This position is farther supported in the undermentioned citation: â€Å" In pattern, more attending has been paid to raising the female employment rate than to bring forthing the better occupations for adult females that are indispensable for contracting the gender wage spread † ( in Union History ) Sadly the EU has failed to to the full implement gender equality in employment, since it still persists despite the debut of the above directives and pacts. The EU has hence proposed six cardinal aims within the Road map for gender equality ( 2006-2010 ) . These include equal economic independency for work forces and adult females, rapprochement of private and professional life, equal representation in determination devising ; the obliteration of all signifiers of gender based force, the riddance of gender based stereotypes, and eventually the publicity of gender equality in external and development policies. ( cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2006 ) The inequality of gender spreads is the first cardinal aim of carry throughing EU ends in employment and societal coherence. The demand for increased engagement of adult females in the labour market provides a pronounced part to economic development and in bend ‘economic independency for adult females ‘ . Harmonizing to the above article, adult females still face more hazard of poorness due to being over represented in the secondary labor market. Harmonizing to Barren and Norris ( 1976 ) adult females are employed in unstable employment that is based on short term contracts, lower wage and entail unskilled work with fewer chances, they are hence more likely to be made excess and therefore suffer from a diminution in the labor market. ( in Jorgensen et al,1997 pg p192 ) .In Addition Bruegal ( 1976 ) remarks from a Marxist women's rightist position, states that such workers are used to maintain costs at minimal by replacing more extremely skilled and demanding workers i.e. work forces. ( Cited Jorgensen et al,1997 pg p129 ) Womans are hence literally restricted in their chances to work farther due to their domestic and emotional duty. In add-on, adult females enterprisers are faced with more troubles so male opposite numbers in constructing up their ain concern, in effort to level the structural inequalities and favoritism the EU has recommended the Entrepreneurship Action Plan to assist back up adult females in developing such undertakings. Womans who besides belong to cultural minority groups suffer from twice every bit much favoritism and challenge ‘s, in order to contend such multiple favoritism the EU has proposed the Framework for the Integration of Third Country Nationals. This model provides the publicity of migration and integrating policies in order to vouch adult females ‘s rights and civil engagement. In making so, adult females from all backgrounds, can utilize their full economic potency and have the equal chance to instruction and prosperity. ( Cited in Commission of the Europ ean Communities Report 2006 ) The 2nd cardinal aim of the EU is of the rapprochement of private and professional life for both work forces and adult females. Harmonizing to the ( Commission of the European Communities Report 2007 ) adult females face more challenges than work forces when it comes to managing work and private life, accordingly this affects their calling picks. Statisticss suggest that more adult females than work forces work on portion clip footing and therefore take more calling interruptions than work forces, which clearly has a harmful impact on their callings. Besides, adult females are more subjected than work forces, to take on domestic and emotional labor in add-on to taking parental leave and looking after kids and other dependent household members. The 2007 EU Commission study concludes that due to the deficiency of accessible and low-cost child care, adult females face more inequality in employment. The overall consequence of this is that adult females are placed in unstable occupations with lower wage, which makes them more vulnerable to the larger hazard of poorness. The affair is made worse for individual parent households who have dependants. On the other manus, harmonizing to the Lisbon pact, adult females ‘s employment in the EU is near to run intoing its end of 60 % by 2010. ( cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2009, pg5 ) However, it is clear that a batch more demands to be done to carry through satisfactory degrees of child care commissariats ( harmonizing to the Barcelona aims ) in order for both parents to unite work and private life. The European Union has besides reflected farther support targeted at bettering equal chances, for case the European Social Fund ( ESF ) which caters for adult females undertakings in respects to vocational preparation in confederation with the NOW community Initiative. ( cited in europrofem ) The EU has besides established enterprises in 2008 to back up better work life balance by doing amendments to directive 92/85/EEC on pregnancy protection. The alterations introduce altering the minimal pregnancy leave from 14 to 18weeks without the loss of gaining. ( cit ed in Commission of the European Communities Report 2009, pg 6 ) Furthermore, this thought has besides been developed in respects to ‘family related leave ‘ in respects to household policies and work life rapprochement issues for work forces. For case, statute law on improved leave agreements for male parents is already incorporated in states such as Sweden, Germany, Greece, Lithuania and Spain. The 3rd EU key aim in the roadmap proposes the demand for the equal representation of adult females in determination devising stations. The unequal division of domestic labor and caring duties has clearly been a barrier in the promotion of adult females in employment, there has hence been a demand to amend and make policies to promote adult females ‘s engagement in the labor market. The Commission of the European Communities Report 2007 noted that adult females predominated occupations were undervalued in comparing to male opposite numbers. Findingss suggested that such occupations had lower rates of wage. For case about 40 % of adult females were employed in the wellness, instruction and public disposal sector in comparing to merely 20 % of work forces. ( pg 3 ) . In defense mechanism of this statement, work forces besides face favoritism in accessing non traditional employment. For case the impression of a male carer or nurse is seen with disgusts or cautiousness due to gende r stereotypes formed by society harmonizing to Acker ( 1989 ) ( cited in Theory and Practice of nursing: an incorporate attack to caring patterns By Lynn Basford, Oliver Slevin ) . This suggested a ‘segregation of the labour market ‘ which was being reinforced by traditional and societal stereotypes which farther influenced people in to gender functions. The EU has since implemented a: â€Å" ..network to advance adult females in economic and political decision-making places which was launched in 2008 to supply a platform for exchange of good patterns between bing webs at EU degree † ( Commission of the European Communities Report 2009, pg 6 ) In effort to level the inequality of gender in employment the 4th EU key aim is in respects to the obliteration of gender based force. The EU has established the Daphne programme which supports adult females and kids who have suffered as a consequence of domestic maltreatment. ( cited in europrofem ) The committee has besides encouraged the criminalization of trafficking adult females and kids through development. The EU proposes under new directives to reintegrate such vulnerable groups in to the labor market. It besides proposes the support of member provinces to promote consciousness raising runs, support webs both for the culprits of force and the victims of maltreatment. The 5th EU key aim as described in the roadmap is the impression of gender based stereotypes. At present there is still a major job in respects to inequality in employment. The EUC has identified a gender wage spread has one of the major concern for the European committee harmonizing to The Road Map for Gender Equality 2006-2010. In order to better the present quandary, there have been many legislative and non legislative developments to battle the challenges of favoritism and promote gender equality in employment. Furthermore, despite the antecedently mentioned intercessions above, there still persists a major gender ‘pay spread ‘ which reflects on the overall factors of inequalities and therefore favoritism in employment. On mean adult females were gaining on mean 15 % less than work forces in the European Union in 2005. ( Cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2007, pg 2 ) It was found that the gender wage spread still exists due to direct and indirect favoritism factors. It can besides be attributed to societal and economic factors. In respects to leveling gender stereotypes the EU recommend ‘gender mainstreaming ‘ and promote ESF, ICT programmes in instruction and civilization programmes in schools through media tools. In respects to the 6th and concluding key aim illustrated in the roadmap for equality in employment, the EU has proposed the development and amendment of policies widening to external neighbouring states. The EU adheres to recognize values of the Millennium Development Declaration and the Beijing Platform for Action ( BPfA ) . The recent EU scheme for Africa is besides committed to promoting gender equality in external states. The EU commits to advancing the demand for instruction and freedom of chance and wellness and safety. Above all, it welcomes the engagement of all adult females in the domain of economic and political life in determination devising. Four precedence countries have been identified by the Commission these include, that preexistent legal model is to the full applied and utilized whilst placing countries for betterment. The active engagement of all parties is besides to be promoted in all Members of State. In add-on to this, the European Strategy for Growth and Jobs should be applied in full to all employers. Above all the impression of good pattern at all degrees is to be stressed to get the better of traditional stereotypes and prejudiced patterns. The European Pact for Gender Equality 2006 stresses the importance of the committednesss of the Member of provinces to take critical action in this country. Furthermore, several members of provinces have reunited to take outstanding action sing the labor market, instruction, preparation, and the balance of work and private life. Unfortunately there has been small advancement in respects to committednesss from the other member of provinces to take action turn toing this issue harmonizing to the Commissions one-year study on growing and occupations 2006. ( cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2007, pg 8 ) In defense mechanism of the above the Commission in 2007 vowed to better the quality of statistics used in respects to the gender wage spread, in add-on they have besides promised to promote all member of provinces to put cardinal marks and bounds for cut downing the wage spread between adult male and adult females on the footing of informations and findings gathered by the one-year studies issued. The Commission is besides in advancement of puting up action programmes on equal chances for its ain staff, it is evident that within public disposal there is a major wage spread which is straight influenced by the presence of occupational segregation and the little presence of adult females in determination devising stations. Despite the overpowering grounds that an increased sum of adult females are going more extremely qualified, there is still a relentless fact they are still outnumbered by work forces in higher places of hierarchy and importance, both in political relations and concer n. ( cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2009, pg 5 ) Harmonizing to the European Alliance on Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) the impression of equality besides poses as a ‘competitive advantage ‘ as it utilises the staff ‘s full productive potency. It encourages inducements to back up good pattern to undertake the inequalities in the wage. Presently the Commission already promotes good pattern by raising consciousness through the PROGRESS programme. ( cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2007, pg 9 ) In add-on to the above, the Commission besides proposes to present gender equality policies, to eliminate structural inequalities within the workplace in respects to bettering the profile of businesss which are paid less. For case, the Framework of actions on gender equality 2007, proposes awareness-raising and preparation steps in add-on to the growing of pay comparing tools and schemes to diminish the wage spread. ( cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2007, pg10 )DecisionTo reason this assignment the impression of ‘equality ‘ is built-in to the values of the European Union. Despite the European Union doing important advancement over clip, in respects to developing directives, pacts and statute law. In add-on to, the EU has reinforced gender mainstreaming via preparation and capacity edifice for those involved in policy devising. Statisticss indicate that gender inequality still persists in employment. The European Union have a long manner in carry throughing cardinal marks in leveling gender inequality. In my personal sentiment the EU key aims need to be more crystalline to the populace in footings of puting realistic marks to beef up gender mainstreaming across all member provinces in order to accomplish alteration.Mentions:Commission of the European Communities Report 2006Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions ( 2006 ) , A Roadmap for equality between adult females and work forces 2006-2010, Brussels, ( Online ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do? uri=COM:2006:0092: Five: En: PDF ( Accessed 20/11/2009 )Commission of the European Communities Report 2007Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, , The European Econ omic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions ( 2007 ) . Undertaking the wage spread between adult females and work forces, Brussels, ( Online ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.retepariopportunita.it/Rete_Pari_Opportunita/UserFiles/news/com_pay_gap_.pdf ( Accessed 21/11/2009 )Commission of the European Communities Report 2009Report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Brussels, ( 2009 ) Equality between adult females and men-2009 Brussels, ( Online ) hypertext transfer protocol: //eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do? uri=COM:2009:0077: Five: En: PDF ( Accessed 21/11/2009 )European Unionhypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union ( Accessed 10/11/2009 )Euro civilization maestrohypertext transfer protocol: //www.euroculturemaster.org/pdf/kunstova.pdf ( Accessed 12/11/2009 )Europrofemhypertext transfer protocol: //www.europrofem.org/contri/2_04_en/e n-gend/08en_gen.htm ( accessed 23/11/2009 ) Jorgensen, N. , Bird, J. , Heyhoe, A. , Russell, B. , Savvas, M. , ( 1997 ) .Sociology: An Synergistic Approach, Collins EducationalUnion Historyhypertext transfer protocol: //www.unionhistory.info/equalpay/roaddisplay.php? irn=785 ( Accessed 15/11/2009 )Womans Lobbyhypertext transfer protocol: //www.womenlobby.org/site/1abstract.asp? DocID=184 & A ; v1ID= & A ; RevID= & A ; namePage= & A ; pageParent= & A ; DocID_sousmenu ( Accessyoutubeed 14/11/2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.co.uk/books? id=WCSunMx7EJ8C & A ; pg=RA1-PA392 & amp ; lpg=RA1-PA392 & amp ; dq=theory-male+nurses+gender+equality & A ; source=bl & A ; ots=Bqru6biKWy & A ; sig=PY0uthcQiq3VFmaaivgF6YEpLPQ & A ; hl=en & A ; ei=wnsdS46lJJeZjAfU_f2PBA & A ; sa=X & A ; oi=book_result & A ; ct=result & A ; resnum=2 & A ; ved=0CAsQ6AEwAQ # v=onepage & A ; q= & A ; f=false

History progressivism essays

History progressivism essays Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, progressivism was exposed in America which led to the reinterpretation of U.S. public policies aligned with national laws. Known as the movement lead by the middle class, this reform was established to benefit the conventional people of this time period. Reform movements such as the muckrakers enlightenment of the problems of urban society raised the level of consciousness throughout the middle class. This awareness led to the philosophy of pragmatism, reform of scientific management, and support from presidential leaders. The above mentioned reforms had a profound impact on the progressive movement which resulted in a series of lasting reforms and influenced U.S. government for much of the 20th century. The muckrakers attributed to the existence of the progressive movement by spreading the ideas of social evils. Through McClures magazine, muckrakers such as Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell became famous through their careful research combined with sensationalism. McClures magazine competed with Cosmopolitan and Colliers to outdo one anothers outrageous stories. One of the most famous articles, called Wealth Against Common Wealth, was comprised by Henry Lloyd in 1894 in Atlantic Monthly exploiting the wealth and greed of oil companies in the United States. Muckrakers not only exploited the occurring scandals through magazine articles but books were also published on these issues. Examples of these novel publishers include Theodore Dreiser, and Frank Norris. In addition, muckrakers allowed for no man to overlook the realities of child labor through the use of photography. Jacob Reese was one of the first photographic journalists who through the use of photography was able to leave a lasting impression on middle class. His work made the issue of poverty become real to those lucky enough not to experience it first hand. The m...

Business Analysis of the Star City Complex Essay Example

Business Analysis of the Star City Complex Essay Example Business Analysis of the Star City Complex Essay Business Analysis of the Star City Complex Essay Star City is a newly built complex which is a business which provides more then entertainment. Star City has a 30-screen cinema complex and seats up to 5823 people. That is only the cinema complex. It can also accompany for all of the shops and the other types of entertainment that it offers. Its main business is selling tickets to fill up their cinema complex, the biggest in the United Kingdom. It also has family entertainment, and youth entertainment. There are clubs and bars were many youths go to enjoy a good night out. After including all of the restaurants and the nightclubs, and the cinema complex, and the fitness gym and the overall family bowling and entertainment complex, I think that it would be correct to assume that these are the main incomes of the Star City complex. The individual shops, which rent land on the complex, also have to pay the people who own the Star City Complex to use the land. This is also another income, which is received, even though it isnt as obvious. Unlike many of the other cinemas, there is a wide range of people who visit the complex. Youths and adults and teenagers visit the complex. The reason for this is because, there is a lot to do for all of the different age ranges. People can do as they please, and use the services available. There is more then a cinema, so, people also visit the complex for other reasons, besides to watch films. I would have thought that there are more teenagers and youths under the age 0f 25 who go and visit the complex, rather then the over 40s. Star City also shows Asian films, this means that there is also a mixed race at Star City, unlike other cinemas that do not offer this service. The Business first started to promote it self via T. V and Radio, and the word of mouth. These days, the people who own Star City no longer have to promote their business as much, because many people who use Star City already know about it, and those who dont soon hear about via word of mouth. This is a very good thing for the owners of Star City that is because, they do not have to invest as much money into promoting their business. They must promote the latest films and things like that, but they do not need to tell the public that there is a Star City. Star City advertises itself in the local newspaper. The local newspaper has a page full of the three main cinemas in the area. From the paper, we can see that Star City clearly has more films then any of its competitors, and it also has the latest in Asian movies. We can also see that there is more cinema times whom various films (Mainly the latest releases), which is more convenient for some people. They can show more showings of the film, because they have thirty screens, this is much more then any of its competitors. Each of the above has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of having multiple amounts of showing times for various films is that, more people who cant see a certain film at a certain time now can, because Star City shows them more frequently. This will attract more viewers to the cinema, and to the complex. I dont think that it is possible to say that there is a disadvantage to the above situation. The people who are responsible for the advertisements are most likely a team/group of professionals who are good at advertising such a big business like Star City. They are most likely to be a very good team who have had great success in the past, and have shown to be effective, i. . boost sales and profits. That is the main reason why advertisements, are used, to attract the members of the public, who will spend money at your shop which inevitably will increase profits. A lot of thought goes into what should be advertised, it is important that the correct information is showed to the public. There would be no point for Star City to spend millions of pounds on a advertisement if it fails to attract people to the complex. That is the reason why a lot of thought is gone into advertisement, and that is also why professional people are needed to make the advertisements. Another way in which the business can be advertised is via websites. I believe that Star City currently have their own website at: warnervillage. co. uk. This is an excellent site that is very helpful not only to those people who are using the Star City complex but other cinemas around the country. You can easily and quickly access film information and timings for films. If you require the service to book online then you can, it is a really good service, which is protected as well to insure Internet security. I believe that even though Star City has loads of advertisements all over the country, expanding on the Internet would be a really good idea. They currently have the website set up, but they havent publicised too much. I think that they should research, and find out which are the most popular and most frequently visited websites and then set up a hyperlink through the website to the Star City website. It is obvious that they would have to research in the . co. uk websites. This is another form of advertising, which the people who are in charge of advertisements should consider. They currently dont have any hyperlinks connecting another website to their own. I think that they should do this. The reason why I think that they should do this, is because, many people use the Internet now in the modern world. Those people who do use the Internet quite frequently will then know about Star City and they may then visit it if they live near or find it interesting. They havent advertised it like this using hyperlinks before, so I am not sure whether it would work, but I would have thought that it would work.

Varying Approaches for Principled Eclecticism for ESL

Varying Approaches for Principled Eclecticism for ESL A few years ago I was introduced to principled eclecticism as a means of establishing ESL/EFL class objectives. Basically, principled eclecticism refers to the use of various teaching styles in a discriminating manner as required by learner needs and styles. Applying Principled Eclectisim While this loose approach may sound either ideal or simplistic depending on your point of view, it requires a basic grasp of some of the principle schools of thought as a means of getting an overview of issues directly related to satisfying learners needs. In a nutshell, the application of principled eclecticism proceeds by first addressing the issue of learners needs and styles. Once these two basic elements have been evaluated, the teacher can develop a needs analysis which can then be used to develop the course syllabus. Definitions Interlanguage Skill: A scala of languages that fit the level of the students language skill at any moment. In other words, there are many levels of speaking a language each of which can be sufficient for a given student.Comprehensible Input: Originated by Krashen, the core of this idea is that if we do not understand the input we cannot learn.Negotiation of Meaning: Interactional hypothesis that states that learning comes about in the moment of exchange between a native speaker and a non-native speaker.Product Oriented Approach: The accumulation of bits and pieces of a language (for example, learning tenses and doing exercises based on correct tense usage). Example Cases The following two cases give examples of the process involved in applying this approach to different types of classes. Class 1 Needs and Styles Age: young adults from 21-30Nationality: class of German students located in GermanyLearning Styles: college educated, familiarity with a  product-oriented approach to learning a language, widely traveled and familiarity with other European cultures.Goals: First Certificate Examination at end of courseInterlanguage Skills: all students can communicate in English and accomplish most common language tasks (i.e., completing day-to-day tasks in a native speaker society, telephone, expressing viewpoints, etc.), higher level complexity such as writing essays, expressing complex arguments in fine detail is next desired step.Course Duration: 100 hours Approach As the First Certificate Examination is the goal of the course and there is a limited number of hours, the course will have to often employ a deductive (i.e., teacher-centered, book learning) approach in order to complete all the grammatical tasks required by the examination.Students are very familiar with traditional learning approaches such as grammar charts, drill exercises, etc. In this case, awareness raising concerning basic language patterns will not be necessary. However, as the students are quite young and most fresh out of college, they may have to be helped to understand and accept more innovative (i.e., inductive) approaches to learning (i.e., role-playing for improving speaking skills, general class discussions with little or no correction) as they are probably used to more goal-oriented study situations.As the First Certificate Exam includes many authentic materials, students will benefit greatly from exercises that focus on the negotiation of meaning. This negotiation of meaning is a type of interactional learning that comes about in the moment of exchange with a native speaker context that requires the learner to negotiate meaning thereby expanding his language skills. Objectives of the First Certificate Examination will be the overriding factor in the determination of class activities. In other words, activities based on Neuro Linguistic Programming may not be desirable as this approach to teaching focuses on a holistic learning method, which, unfortunately, may not provide all the bits and pieces required to complete the examination exercises such as sentence transformation.As the course duration is limited and the objectives are many, there will be little time for experiments and fun activities. Work needs to be focused and principally goal oriented. Class 2 Needs and Styles Age: immigrant adults from 30-65Nationalities: a variety of countriesLearning Styles: most of the class has had little secondary education and has not studied languages formallyGoals: Basic ESL skills for everyday usage and job acquisitionInterlanguage Skills: basic tasks such as ordering a meal and making a telephone call are still difficultCourse Duration: 2-month intensive course meeting four times weekly for two hours Approach The approach to teaching this class is dictated by two principal factors: need for real world skills, lack of background in traditional learning stylesPragmatic functional English is of prime importance. Luckily, the course is intensive and provides the perfect opportunity for intensive role-playing and real world game activities.As students are immigrants and a native speaker environment is at hand, teaching can also take place by bringing the real world into the classroom and/or - even more preferably - taking the classroom out into the real world.Low-level English skills mean that comprehensible input will play a great role in the success or failure of the class. Considering the low level of interlanguage skill, students desperately need the teacher to help them by filtering experiences into a comprehensible form so that they may make sense of situations that are too difficult if faced on a strictly authentic level.Learning by process will be of great importance. The positive side of low-level education is that students are not attached to traditional learning methods such as grammar charts, exercises, etc. The use of holistic learning approaches can be very effective as students will not have any pre-conceived notions about what learning should be like.

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Analysis - Essay Example Other necessary laws of the establishment of socialist community include the union of the class that is working with the peasantry, other echelons of laboring masses; the abolition of capitalist’s assets and creation of civic ownership of ways of manufacturing (Huberman, 174). Gradual socialist transition of the sector of agriculture, planned economy development, aims at creating socialism and improving employee’s living standard. There are other basic laws of the creation of a socialist community. They involve socialist’s revolution in culture, ideology and the making of a significant intelligentsia ardent to the working class, to all people who are toiling, and to the ways of socialism. Principle laws in the creation of socialism include the eradication of state oppression and the formation of fraternal friendship and equality among states (Huberman, 196). Socialist defense rises from attacks by domestic and foreign enemies. International proletarian is equally essential involving cohesion of working class in each nation with those of other countries. Several Marxist authors share the views of Leo. Sweezy Paul shares the same ideas as Huberman. Through review by Kirkus, there is need for understanding and study of social history and economic of assets from the angle of modernity. All people find it interesting is studying such transition from the feudal days to the current communism. Huberman, Kirkus, and other Marxist authors infiltrate basic reasons for backing changes in economy. Effort and sympathy are in the direction of people and labor. They are against capitalism, even though they recognize and admit the input, which the system of capitalism has made (Huberman, 217). The texts bring the general image of the prospect of the world of economy and the nation’s wealth. Socialist economic organizations have been established due to communist socialization of the ways of production. The major

Internation cultural and communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internation cultural and communication - Essay Example At this juncture, companies are exposed to diversified cultural and economic environments (Checkland, 2013). Without the essence of effective means of communication, multinational companies cannot acquire adequate employee voice required for stimulating long-term commercial growth. This essay will make a theoretical as well as empirical analysis about ways in which organizational culture and communication process help to create increased employee voice. Employee voice is a term that refers to the extent of employee participation in the decision making process of an organization. It is believed that success of a company in both its domestic and foreign markets substantially depends on efficiency of its factor resources. Among all resources, human capital (labour resource) is most crucial, given that this helps to channelize other productive resources of the firm. Thus, it is highly rational to analyze the communication and cultural means of an organization, which assist in managing hu man workforce more efficiently (Carter, et al., 2013). It is noted that a multinational organization can incorporate better systems of employee representation by encouraging enhanced employee participation. Policies introduced by the public authorities of different economies, such as, the New Labor policy of 1997, European Social Policy and the Employee Information and Consultation Rights, ensure fulfilment of employee’s interests in the workplaces (Johansson, 2013). Such government introduced policies have directly influenced voice of the employees and have also indirectly affected the working environment wherein voicing powers of the workers can be exercised. Voice is a common word used in the studies of Human Resource Management (HRM). A popular international business cultural model was introduced by Howard V. Perlmutter. It was known as the EPG model and included ethnocentric, geocentric and polycentric dimensions to explain

Positive Effects of Media Exposure to Children PowerPoint Presentation

Positive Effects of Media Exposure to Children - PowerPoint Presentation Example Children’s exposure to media criticized at different levels for inculcating negative attitudes, behavior, and virtues in children. Among these negative effects include; Children’s exposure to scary programs like Harry Porter invoke long-term fear and anxiety on these children with recent studies supporting that these children are at risk of suffering post-traumatic stress. (Bushman & Gibson, 2010). Other studies by Bryant et al (1981) also support that long-term exposure of children to media promotes perpetual fear, which impairs children’s concept of social reality especially through programs that advance violence related themes. Uncontrolled media content progressively aired on media gives children an opportunity to access adult restricted films with sexual themes through marketing and advertising efforts decay the moral concept of children. (Association, 2012); (Pediatrics, 2010) Children also acquire aggressive behavior as they are exposed to violent programs by adopting antisocial behavior. (Halberstaadt, Denham, & Dunsmore, 2001) Bushman, B. J., & Gibson, B. (2010, August 11).  

One Dark Night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

One Dark Night - Essay Example ught about this many a time, but he always gently explained to be that he was only this way because he cared so much about me, and wanted to make everything perfect for me. Somehow, he always managed to convince me, either by sweet-talking me or by some sort of romantic gesture. And I always fell for it. Back at the time, I believe I knew in the back of my mind I was unhappy, but I wasnt willing to admit it even to myself. My appearance and behaviour did not give me away- I was always perceived as the perfect wife who mastered everything from cooking to doing the house chores and everything else (my husband also told me I was "not too shabby" between the sheets). I was constantly being flattered about the house, the food I prepared for our friends and often to my husbands business partners, and it was not uncommon for other men to stare at me and compliment me on my looks, sometimes in inappropriate ways I sort of enjoyed. Of course, my husbands reaction would always come shortly thereafter. He would always make sure that everyone knew that Im his wife, and always did it aggressively, telling the man who flattered me to back off because I am his. This was sometimes followed by a push or a shove. This seemed very bizarre to me, since my husband was anything but violence. I dismissed it by saying to myself that he loves me so much, that he would do anything to protect me, even if Im not in danger. And I also rationalized it by saying that his manly ego wont stand it if another man came on to his wife. In that way, I thought to myself, men arent any different than they were when mankind began. The male is always the dominant one, and doesnt let other men get to close to his wife. Thats why he "marks" her as his territory and guards her well. If only I knew beforehand how right I was†¦ But my husbands behaviour did not stop there. As a part of his wanting to make everything perfect (or in other words- exactly as he wants it), he would always criticize me about

Journal Reviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Journal Reviews - Essay Example This essay stresses that the first article was very short but compact and generally complete in the sense that it had covered all the important points regarding appendicitis. It was able to discuss all various signs and symptoms associated with it, the necessary pre-operative and post-operative procedures to be followed to ensure fast recovery. The article could have devoted more space to what temporary emergency measures can be taken by people who has a friend or relative who has a ruptured appendix but cannot be brought to a hospital immediately for one reason or another. This paper makes a conclusion that the second article was excellent in explaining the signs and symptoms of the more common musculoskeletal conditions especially now that there are older people in the overall general population due to demographic trends. It had discussed in outline form some of the common pathology of these medical conditions, what a nurse should look out for, how to do it and the steps to be taken to minimize pain among the sufferers. The article is very useful for nursing practitioners today because they are often in the first line of contact with patients who present in primary care and urgent care settings today. More people are now being affected by OA and RA due to their lifestyles and this article is helpful also to those with musculoskeletal conditions so they understand what is happening to them, avoid certain foods and to improve their own chances of recovery if they are admitted.

One Dark Night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

One Dark Night - Essay Example ught about this many a time, but he always gently explained to be that he was only this way because he cared so much about me, and wanted to make everything perfect for me. Somehow, he always managed to convince me, either by sweet-talking me or by some sort of romantic gesture. And I always fell for it. Back at the time, I believe I knew in the back of my mind I was unhappy, but I wasnt willing to admit it even to myself. My appearance and behaviour did not give me away- I was always perceived as the perfect wife who mastered everything from cooking to doing the house chores and everything else (my husband also told me I was "not too shabby" between the sheets). I was constantly being flattered about the house, the food I prepared for our friends and often to my husbands business partners, and it was not uncommon for other men to stare at me and compliment me on my looks, sometimes in inappropriate ways I sort of enjoyed. Of course, my husbands reaction would always come shortly thereafter. He would always make sure that everyone knew that Im his wife, and always did it aggressively, telling the man who flattered me to back off because I am his. This was sometimes followed by a push or a shove. This seemed very bizarre to me, since my husband was anything but violence. I dismissed it by saying to myself that he loves me so much, that he would do anything to protect me, even if Im not in danger. And I also rationalized it by saying that his manly ego wont stand it if another man came on to his wife. In that way, I thought to myself, men arent any different than they were when mankind began. The male is always the dominant one, and doesnt let other men get to close to his wife. Thats why he "marks" her as his territory and guards her well. If only I knew beforehand how right I was†¦ But my husbands behaviour did not stop there. As a part of his wanting to make everything perfect (or in other words- exactly as he wants it), he would always criticize me about

Post Colonial And World Literature In English Essay

Post Colonial And World Literature In English - Essay Example The abandonment of cultures and traditions by the colonized is one of the most significant aspects of post-colonial literature in the discourse on colonialism.The pacification of indigenous people in colonies was completed through the conversion of these individuals to Christianity because it was believed that it was the true religion and that the practices of these communities were satanic. The adoption of Christianity was considered by colonial administrators to be a means to not only pacifying the colonized but also as the first step of achieving their civilizing mission (Morrison 1984, p.327). This process was brought about through European missionary activities during the colonial period. colonialism developed mainly as a result of the diverse European powers seeking to ensure that they not only gained markets for their goods, but also for the purpose of prestige. The discussion above has shown that colonialism and racism are among the most important themes that are addressed in the post-colonial literature. Furthermore, colonialism developed mainly as a result of the diverse European powers seeking to ensure that they not only gained markets for their goods, but also for the purpose of prestige. In addition, the discussion has shown that forced labor is one of the aspects of colonialism that led to the development of resentment among indigenous people towards the colonists. Finally, the abandonment of cultures and traditions by the colonized is a significant aspect of post-colonial literature in the discourse on colonialism.

Do the right thing by Spike Lee Essay Example for Free

Do the right thing by Spike Lee Essay I dearly love the film and maintain that its one of the great pictures from the last 10 years. I dont know what the director of this movie (Spike Lee) intended the moral to be, but my take on the film has always been that NO ONE does the right thing, and this is the cautionary element of the movie. The racial message about racial injustice is very deep and one that every race should see. The climax of the movie is very powerful and deep. The heat is blazing, tensions are running high (especially racial ones), and under this kind of pressure no one behaves according to common courtesy and decency. The entire film is a chain of uncontrolled outbursts of anger that lead to everyones misery. The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability could be wrong, so is the belief that a particular race is superior to others. Anyone can have a belief like that black, white, whatever. I am not about to buy into this rhetoric that any race shoulders 100% of the blame for racism in America today. Indeed, but racism is a belief, not an action. Sociologists clearly delineate between prejudices and acts of discrimination. One can be racist (prejudice) and not act on it (discriminate). By the same token, one can discriminate against others and not hold racist beliefs (prejudice). There is simply no way, short of telepathy, to determine if anyone is truly racist. One can easily assume that Adolf Hitler was a racist based on his writings and horrific actions, but there is absolutely no way to know for sure that Hitler *truly* hated Jews or simply used the hatred of Jews as a convenient means to attain power. Anyway, those in a position of power have more opportunities to act discriminatorily than those without, but I see no evidence to suggest that The Powers That Be are more *likely* to engage in such behaviors. As such, a discriminatory action by a powerless person can be more effective than the lack of such an action by someone in power. Riots are NEVER true result of racism, but rather the violent, destructive impulses of citizens with no faith in the justice system to take matters into their own hands. They are simply an opportunity for a misguided youth, unsupervised or uninstructed on issued of morality, to appease their violent appetites by destroying the livelihood of someone who is not exactly like  them. In every major example of the last 40 years in US, the violent rioters were not good citizens who felt pushed to the breaking point by some act of injustice, but degenerates whose prejudices against anyone with more money than they found an excuse in the politicized racial arguments to act out what they never truly cared to know was wrong (Heath Petraitis, 1987). The only result of a race riot is hatred, looting, and murder. It is not the answer to anything, and should never be treated as such. It is an insult to the millions of black citizens who seek to live their lives as normal, peaceful, law-abiding citizens of the United States to associate them with the few degenerate thieves and murderers who commit race riots (Singer Singer, 1986). Thats why Do the Right Thing has always touched its viewers. The ending turns a decent, fine comedy-drama into a vessel for class and race related hatred. I do believe in violence as a last measure to protect ones self, or their personal freedoms, or in the case of a moral war. Just look at my signature closing line. I do not in any way believe that the situation in Do the Right Thing presents a need for violence. It is merely a bunch of tempered people retaliating against the brutality of the police by burning an innocent mans pizza shop down, apparently only because he was a white business owner. That is sad. I think, really, this films central theme if there really is one is the path black men in America today face as inspired by their most prominent leaders. Radio Rahiem is easily the wisest in the entire film as hes aware of the dichotomy and thus tries to balance his existence under both directions fight the power constantly playing takes on an entire new meaning here as the film doesnt really know what the power is that PE wants us to fight. Rahiem knows though, its the self. Pretty amazing imagery. But on the other hand, he rarely speaks but instead relies on his radio to speak for him. Likewise, he doesnt understand his own rhetoric on the nature of love and hate. That made him as racist as any other character in the film, with the possible but unlikely exception of smiley, and brings his own death on himself. I wondered what would be the cops reactions if racial positions had been  reversed (ie a black mans pizzeria, a white man accidentally killed after basically making a complete, hostile mess of himself, then resisting arrest etc) Would a white cops strangle a white man to death? Thats where racial issues arise. I was upset at the death of radio Rahiem, but just couldnt escape the fact that he had brought it on himself. No one deserves to die like that. But if he had avoided escalating a completely unnecessary confrontation by assaulting Sal, he wouldnt have died. He was responsible for his own death, just as Sal was responsible for the destruction of the pizzeria (very nearly his own death) when he destroyed Rahiems radio. Radio Raheem was pissed off, his whole existence was that radio. Sure he physically assaulted him, but he didnt say anything like, Ill kill you. Maybe if Radio said in an earlier scene Man Im gonna kill that irk bastard etc. Id be more apt to agree that Radio Rahiem intent was to kill Sal. Technically Sal brought the destruction of the pizzeria on himself too, by (through the chain of events) not putting up pictures of brothers on the walls; but it is his pizzeria and he was within his rights to do so. He yelled racist epithets which is a direct act of aggression and smashed someones property to pieces. Instead of destroying someones property, he should have called the police to escort Buggin out and Radio Rahim. Radio Rahiem was NOT within his rights when he entered the store and refused to turn his radio down. Of course Sal and Radio Rahiem are both racists, everyone in the film is. No one did the right thing in the end, but the unfortunate fact is that, in the final encounter with Radio Rahiem, Sal was just a little more right than Radio Rahiem. Imagine Radio Rahiem and Sal were both black (or white.) Imagine the ultimate reasons behind the clash were not racially based. Radio Rahiem is the aggressor, and because of this, ultimately audience sympathy would lie with Sal. Radio Raheem and Buggin Out were trying to bully an innocent business owner. It was Sals restaurant, if they did not like his regulations than they could leave, but he was entirely within his rights to demand for them to either leave or turn off the music. He certainly gave fair warning, and he never ever tried to physically harm anyone until Radios attack. While it is  unfortunate Radio died, he simply was not worth the destruction that was carried out in his name. I also find it mystifying that Mookie, supposedly the levelheaded character in the movie, was so superficial that he blamed Sal for Radios death. I cannot reconcile myself with the notion that Mookie throwing the trash can through the pizzeria window was even remotely doing the right thing. I sympathize a lot with Sal, but I also sympathize with Mookie. Sal also cared a lot about the black in Bastury, and was genuinely hurt when some of them turned against him. I will vehemently argue that Sals character is not racist; he drops an n-word at the end, but the man is watching his lifes work being torched by arson at the hands of a group of African-Americans; his outburst is understandable and forgivable. Vito, Lees Sister, and the baby are as decent as people could be. Da Mayor is a good man who has made mistakes but is trying to change so at this point hes a good man trying to be a better man. He does drink too many beers with little money, though. One thing that always confused me about this film (although its one of my favorites) is why Mother Sister painfully screams noooo, when only a few minutes beforehand, she was right with the crowd yelling burn it! burn it! it seems like a bit of a flaw to me, but I could be wrong. My guess is the Burn it down Burn it down is with respect to the pizzeria. The noooo is with respect to radio Rahiems death. Lets assume that the film is about the cyclical nature of violence. Does Spike Lee( the director) think that all violence is bad or only certain violence is? After reading Martin Luther Kings quote I thought it was all violence; after reading Malcolm Xs quote I got the message that some violence is ok. I know that Blacks have been prejudiced against for a long time, but I dont see how violence ever solved their problem. It seems to me that Martin Luther Kings non-violence approach ultimately did much more to further equality than Malcolm Xs approach of violence-sometimes-needed approac h. The cops didnt necessarily care for Sal or anyone there. They didnt kill Rahiem because they wanted revenge. They did a right think by choking Rahiem, but they should have weakened him enough to handcuff him and then have thrown him in the police car. I doubt either Clubbing or strangling  will ever equate to, to use your words, holding him in place until he calmed down. I doubt those are the only options law enforcement officers have. They shouldnt have killed him. It was an extreme use of force pure and simple. The key being that if as you say they were trying to prevent Sal from being chocked by a criminal than why didnt they release their choke hold on Radio Rahiem after he had let go of Sal? They kept choking him long after he was a threat to anyone and it was obvious he himself was being choked to death. Why did they not throw him to the ground at that time and handcuff him? They didnt even try. In the film, Da Mayor says you gotta Do The Right Thing. Rahiem does not because he wont respect Sals wishes to turn off or turn down the radio (Also didnt respect Sals decision to represent only his culture in the pizzeria). Bugging Out is just a racist who knows nothing and wants to pretend to have a calling so he rides in on Radios coattails. Rahiem did the wrong thing and Sal did nothing wrong until he uttered the N-word. I dont think Sal meant it in that way. He was angry so he exploited a characteristic of Radios boom box. The people were angry at Sal for saying the n-word but they didnt go against Sal. They got confused and yelled. Then the police came in and everything went up in flames. Obviously, a spark leads to a fire. The spark: The police killing Rahiem. The Fire: The mob. It was understandable for there to be a riot and it was understandable that they got angry at white men in general because they are black people and they live in an ugly area. But just because its understandable, doesnt mean its right. The name of the movie is Do The Right Thing. And to be honest, even though thats very straight and very literal, towards the end it becomes ironic. The moment that they could do the right thing, they did the worst thing of them all. And that riot could have been right but it went wrong. Their anger went in the wrong direction. Things just happen. Sals pizzeria going down in flames is symbolic of the fact that people just destroy each other. And in the end, the face of the oppressor (The white man) is thrown on every white body and someone with the face of the oppressor is oppressed. Well, theres a line (Not from this movie) that goes You become the monster so the monster will not break you. You become what you terrify you. And in  this case, the oppressed (The black community) gets so fed up (Throughout the entire movie, there is talk of there recently being a police brutality situation involving black civilians being killed) with being oppressed that they become what they hate and they oppress someone else: Someone whos been more of a family member to them then most of their families has a different face than they do. He has the face of the monster, and they dont like past skin deep and treat him the way they should treat the people who do oppress them. And its painful and we dont know what to think. Im the least racist person in the world and Im also the person who is more annoyed than anyone with jokes being allowed to be made about white people and not about black people. I dont like going to the park and having some guy say, White boy, dont want none of this. It irritates me because I want plenty. Sometimes it gets so hard to hear all the unfairness and listen to a persons lack of understanding for another. This film is just a day. Its the hottest day of the summer. You can do nothing, you can do something, or you can Do The Right Thing. You can. So do it.

Persian Proverb Doubt Is The Key To Knowledge Philosophy Essay

Persian Proverb Doubt Is The Key To Knowledge Philosophy Essay I have been quite fascinated by the many changes that keep happening to what seems to be a certainty and realized that doubt has traditionally played a significant part in the philosophy of knowledge. The ancient Greek philosophers debated the issue of knowledge and the relevance of doubt. Plato described knowledge as justified true belief1 the key word being belief which in itself is subject to interpretations by individuals. The famous French philosopher Renee Descartes tried to define knowledge in terms of certainty and in his arguments the path to certainty begins with doubt. In his book Meditation 1 What can be called Doubt, he says I realised that it was necessary, once in the course of my life, to demolish everything completely and start again right from the foundations if I wanted to establish anything at all in the sciences that was stable and likely to last.2 So is there any truth in the Persian saying Doubt is the Key to Knowledge? Is this purely an epistemological rhetoric or will it hold true in areas of knowledge as diverse as science and arts? Nobel laureate and leading physicist, Richard Feynman described doubt in relation to science as follows: Scientific knowledge is a body of statements of varying degrees of certainty -some most unsure, some nearly sure, none absolutely certain. A strong parallel can be drawn between his statement and space research. What made man land on the moon or explore the possibility of life on Mars? As a knower, I know that if we would not have doubted the probability that man could live on the moon, space expeditions to the moon would have stopped after the near life and death drama of Apollo 13. The Apollo3 series of expeditions seemed to have established that the moon was completely uninhabitable because of its inability to sustain water. The desire to know and doubting what was already known, led to the Indian unmanned space expedition to the moon. The Indian space craft Chandrayaan discovered traces of ice on the moons surface. So, can man really live on the moon? Science generally relies on a set of deductive logic to prove their hypothesis. Euclids two dimensional geometry is a classic case of using modus ponens or deductive logic to prove assumptions or hypothesis. Going by this, one could easily argue as follows: Man needs oxygen and water to live. Water contains oxygen. Ice is formed from water. Ice has been found on the moon therefore, man can live on the moon. www.plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ modus ponens xenodochy.org/article/popper.html www.rep.routeledge.com/article/DA026SECT4 www.space.com/8193-caused-apoll-13-accient.html Popper doubted this process of deductive truism and said it cannot prove a theory true every time. In his theory of falsification he argued that modus ponens is purely truth preserving and therefore a better alternative is modus tollens which uses the conditions of denying to falsify the assumption e.g. if P implies Q and Q is false, then P must also be false. Poppers falsification theory pointed out no scientific theory is ever conclusively verified, no matter how many tests it has survived4 For example, Schizophrenia has all along been seen as a chronic relapsing psychotic disorder that primarily affects thought and behaviour.5 A recent study by the University College of London has established by means of an experiment that in some cases, the perceptions of schizophrenic people is more accurate than those without schizophrenia. Therefore a doubt is created whether schizophrenia is really a psychotic condition or are there other dimensions to it. Going by the argument that deductive knowledge doesnt always hold good, I can safely surmise that we do not have adequate information to conclude that man can live on the moon and therefore more questions need to be asked. On the other hand doubting every scientific fact leading to unnecessary research and information overload could lead to a situation of complete paralysis in our normal day to day life. For example, if we were to doubt that oxygen is a life giving substance, then it could lead to critical situations in medical emergencies. Similarly while dealing with society at large and friends and relatives in particular, if we were to doubt everything to seek more knowledge, we are most likely to find ourselves with very little knowledge and even fewer friends! Peoples emotions, intentions and their behavioural traits like honesty, integrity, sincerity etc. should not be doubted. There will be rare cases where people may want to deceive, but that by itself cannot lead to a doubt about people in general. _____________________ science.martinsewell.com/falsification.html priory.com/schizo.htm. Shakespeare said If music be the food of love, play on6.Wonderful as it sounds and probably not argued too much, yet people have researched the effect that music has on plants. There is one school of thought that believes and claims to have empirical data to prove that plants respond well to sedentary classical and similar genre of music but they wilt under the influence of hard rock and similar music. Drawing a parallel with human life they argue that hard rock, metal etc is actually detrimental for human growth and therefore should be banned. Traditional botanists however argue that the so called empirical data based on research is purely coincidental and there is no correlation between music and growth of plants. They resort to another set of evidence which shows that growth of plants is related to a number of factors that are not related to music such as condition of soil, temp, moisture content etc. On a third dimension, music itself has different genres enjoyed by different people. Therefore is music also subject to perception or is it absolute? Does it really impact plant detrimentally or otherwise? If we doubt the basis of the claims and counterclaims and pursue with investigation from all angles, then, knowledge will progress and facts can be established. Science notwithstanding, art is abstract enough to create its own set of debates which normally focuses on the likes and dislikes of the perceiver. This leads me to wonder, if art and aesthetics are synonymous then to what extent is beauty a necessary ingredient for something to be considered art? Platos theory of forms claimed that It is by beauty that beautiful things are beautiful. Immanuel Kant, an 18th century German philosopher on the other hand claimed that aesthetic experience is not a matter of understanding or reason, (and hence not true knowledge), but is a matter of judgment [Critique of Judgment].7 Taking this argument further, the painting by Eduord Manet8, Luncheon on the Grass, was hotly debated when it was first exhibited in 1863. Most of all it was not viewed as an art, but as an affront to society. The painting, depicting a naked woman sitting amidst two fully clad men, all of whose images were contemporary and almost identifiable as one among the viewers, earned the painter the wrath of the critiques and masses. Yet an earlier painting by Thomas Coutre in 18479, Romans in The Decadence of the Empire depicted a scene with Romans lying about with many naked women in various poses of sensuality. It appears to me, that a nude in classical settings such as the ancient Greek or Roman empires was considered acceptable but a nude in contemporary setting was not. Either way, the painting, known for its controversy today hangs as a masterpiece in the Musee D Oray in Paris. 6. www.enotes.com/shaespeare-quotes/music-food-love-play 7 www.creatorix.com.au/philosophy/t03/g010.html 8 http://blog.photos2view.com/2008/05/27/art-and-controversy.htm 9 http://www.essentialart.com/acatalog/Edouard_Manet_prints_Luncheon_on_the_Grass.html As a student of visual arts in IB, I was told that there are three basic colours red, yellow and blue. While using the computer, trangely I found that the primary colours were red, green and blue, otherwise called the RGB format. So, what are the basic colours? The answer lay in the different mediums where they are used. Red, yellow and blue are primary colours which are used in while mixing dyes to achieve other shades and colours on a painting canvas. Red, green and blue are used where there are overlapping shades to be used while projecting on screens such as in LCD panels or monitors for computer screen. My doubt about the basic colours led me to seek additional information. The key to knowledge in this area of art was learning how to mix primary dyes in painting and this learning has been both experimental and experiential. Taking the Platonist view that knowledge is justified true belief, I can now reasonably claim to have knowledge that red and yellow if mixed in equal proportions would give the colour orange or shades of orange. Whether the area of knowledge is science or arts, doubts and questions remain. Some answered with a reasonable amount of justification which points to a probable definitive answer based on information available at that point in time and others remain unresolved leading to further doubts. Therefore the question is knowledge absolute or is it infinite? We can never know unless we doubt all knowledge leading us to seek more and more information. The downside do we doubt everything in life or should we accept some events as empirical realities. The answer? It is situational. At the end, as a knower, when I look at the word doubt I can safely say that the Persian saying Doubt is the Key to Knowledge is not just an epistemological rhetoric; it is indeed a means to gain more knowledge. In the words of H L Mencken an influential writer and critic of the 20th century, Men become civilized, not in proportion to their willingness to believe, but in proportion to their readiness to doubt.9 ___________________________ www.leopoldsegedin.com/essay_detail_mona_lisas_smile.cfm www.notable-quotes.com/d/doubt_quotes.html

Summary Of The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

Summary of 'The Great Gatsby';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Gatsby is a book about rich people that are fighting about women, money etc. After I read this book I realized that even if you are rich you don't have to be happy. There are two main characters: Nick Carraway and Jay Gatsby, both rich men. Here's the story in a short version... Nick Carraway is a young man from a wealthy family, living in a Middle Western city. The Carraway's are something of a clan actually. Nick's grandfather came here in 1851 and started a business, which his father carries on today. Nick graduated from Yale University in 1915, and just a little later he was in the Great War. When he came back he decided to go East and learn the bond business. He came East permanently in the spring of 1922. He found a house on the island which extends due East of New York. He has a beautiful house in a place called West Egg. That was on Long Island.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He made contact with his neighbor living closest to him, Jay Gatsby. Jay Gatsby was a very rich man with an enormous property. His house had a big lawn, a swimming pool and an exclusive garden. Despite all his money, he wasn't a very happy man. There was no woman in his life, just servants. His way of getting in touch with people was through his parties. He had parties in his home all the time. The house always got messed up, so the servants had a lot to do the day after the party.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nick got to know a lot of people, some better than others. One of the people he met was a man called Tom Buchanan. He was the kind of man nobody likes. When he got angry, he would take it out on his wife, Daisy. He would beat her, once he even broke her nose. He always got drunk at parties and started arguments. He was also a cheater. He had a mistress named, Myrtle Wilson. She lived in an expensive apartment in New York, which Tom paid for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daisy knew about Tom's affair with Myrtle she just never spoke a word to him about it. She actually fell in

Lexicogrammar Essay

Modality refers to the expression of speakers’ opinion or attitude towards the proposition that the sentence expresses or the situation that the proposition describes, or the speakers’ judgment of the likelihood of the proposition being true. While modal auxiliaries are â€Å"helping words†, functioning as helpers to make up verb phrases, they are prohibited from being used independently. The present study attempts to conduct a corpus-based study on three modal auxiliaries should, ought to and must with regard to their collocations, colligations, as well as semantic features in Chinese learners’ oral productions. This study reveals that Chinese learners overused should and must a great deal as compared against the native speaker data, while they used ought to much less frequently than native speakers. As for collocations, the observed frequencies of the collocates of these three modal auxiliaries, as shown in the two corpora, are different, but those frequently co-occurring words of the three modal verbs, as have appeared in the two sets of dataï ¼Å'are more or less the same. Key Words: Deontic modal meaning, Epistemic modal meaning, Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis, Colligation, Semantic features, nativelikenessï ¼Å'modal auxiliaries Introduction Medals, known as small words, perform particular functions in both written and oral communication. This thesis is devoted to an analysis of three modal auxiliaries, namely should, ought to and must. It aims to find out how Chinese learners use these three medals and their differences from native speakers in four aspects: frequency, collocation, colligation and semantic features. Significance: Modal auxiliaries belong to a group of small words yet performing particular functions. Present study may be of some help in two ways. Firstly, it may help students notice their shortcomings in using those modal auxiliaries compared with native speakers and think over the reasons, thus to help them improve their communication ability. Secondly, it may provide teachers with some implications for language teaching, raising their awareness of the importance of natural and authentic language resources in teaching and research, and encouraging them to use more effective teaching methods to help students with their English learning. It is also hoped that the results of this study will shed some light on the common problems of the use of modality in EFL speaking environment. Purpose: English modal auxiliaries play an important role in language communicationï ¼Å'as well as in second language acquisition. The study aims to provide some useful information for English learning, teaching and research. We will investigate and describe the characteristics of the collocations, colligations and semantic features. This study also aims to find out some causes of the differences between the two target groups of English-users’ uses of three chosen modals in their speeches. It is hoped that the findings of this study will give a deep understanding of how frequently the three modal auxiliaries are used by Chinese EFL speakers and contribute to the teaching and teaching reforms in the future. This thesis will probe into these issues through Contrastive Intedanguage Analysis. In the whole study, the following major questions are to be addressed: 1. Is there nativelikeness shown in the speakers’ representation of the four modal auxiliaries will would, shall and should, their related chunks with not, have and of their related tenses and subjunctive mood by EFL speakers and L2 speakers? 2. What are the problems found in Chinese EFL speakers in their learning the four modal auxiliaries will would, hall, and should, their related chunks with notï ¼Å'have and of their related tenses and subjunctive mood as a result of the comparison with those of L2 speakers and native speakers from a quantitative perspective? If anyï ¼Å'what are the possible causes of the found problems? 3. What is the tense and subjunctive mood distribution of the four modal auxiliaries used by Chinese EFL speakers in contrast with native speakers as a result of the qualitative analysis? Structure: The present dissertation falls into 5 chapters focusing on the listed research questions: 1. Introduction: significance, purpose, questions to be answered, how the idea is originated, sketches out the outline 2. Definitions of key terms to describing the theoretical foundations, reviews, set up the main framework 3. depicts research design (data and instruments), methodology, procedures 4. main body, negative forms, affirmative forms, contracted forms, original forms, future tenses and subjunctive mood, results(quality and quantity) 5. conclusion, major findings presents pedagogical implications and limitations of the study, suggestions

Dreams and Nightmares: Big Parts of Our Lives? Essay

Everyone sleeps. Humans, dogs, primates, rats, and the rest of earth’s inhabitants all experience the relaxing and necessary state of sleep. It appears to just be an unconscious state essential for survival; however, much more is going on than meets the eye. Sleep is accompanied by dreams, a term associated with adventures, experiences, and conflicts, which occur in one’s mind during those hours while one is fast asleep in bed. All people dream from the moment they enter this world to the day they leave, but whether or not they remember what they experienced the previous night varies. I, of course, am no exception and have dreams dating years back to my younger days that have remained in my memory. Upon waking, I recall having a confused, entertained or disturbed reaction to these dreams and even remember some of them affecting the rest of my day or just my life in general. The recent premiere of the movie Inception, a movie revolving around the dream world, has helped spark my interest into the dreams and their true purpose. I have been pondering if they have a bigger role in our lives rather than just a source of entertainment while we sleep. Prior to beginning research, my factual knowledge of dreams was quite limited to my personal experiences, as I have had my fair share of dreams as well as nightmares. I knew that dreams were usually perceived as happy and nightmares were almost always frightening experiences. Some dreams could also be interpreted for deeper meanings. Lastly, prior to researching, I knew dreams only lasted a portion of the time, and one usually had a difficult time remembering the content of the dream upon awakening. Through my research I wished to discover how people are affected by their dreams and nightmares in their behavior, mood, and their overall physical health. I also wished to know if there were any past evidences of events which happened in direct correlation to dreams. I was hopeful in finding the true meaning of dreams and how big of a role they actually have in our lives. Dreams do not come and go as they please; the period when people experience dreams is when they are peacefully sleeping. When one finally falls into a slumber, the body and mind follow a cycle through five sleep phases (Obringer). In the first phase, one is in a very light sleep where it is easy to be wakened, and as the cycle continues one falls into a deeper and deeper sleep. Up to the fourth phase, muscle activity greatly declines, breathing and heart rate slow down, and the brain sends out the slowest of the brain waves, Delta Waves. Up to this point, known as Non REM sleep, the body and mind are at basically full relaxation without experiencing rapid eye movement. The fifth phase, however, is when things seem to reverse. As the body enters the fifth stage, known as Rapid-Eye Movement, or R.E.M, the heart and breathing rate accelerate, blood pressure rises, and brain activity increases to the same level as when one is awake (Obringer). This is the period when most dreaming takes place. The body also appears to get paralyzed by an amino acid during this stage and it is suggested that â€Å"this paralysis could be nature’s way of making sure we don’t act out our dreams† (Obringer). REM was named after the movement of the eyes during this period, where the brain tells the eyes to move and scan a scene that only exists in the mind (Dement 299). One goes through this entire five-phase cycle about four or five times a night, with each dream only lasting about five to twenty minutes (Diagram Group 24). How could an event with such a short duration possibly have a big impact on our lives? Dreams have been deemed important and meaningful in our lives for thousands of years. From the Babylonians and Egyptians to the Greeks and the Romans, dreams have been believed to be of great importance. In ancient times, people believed most of the dreams to be sent from the gods and nightmares to be sent from demons (Diagram Group 4). They believed dreams helped heal the sick and injured, delivered messages and demands from the gods, and even foresaw the future (5-7). In later years, theories began to develop about the purpose of dreams. One of the most respected theories came from Sigmund Freud, a well esteemed psychologist. Freud believed that dreams serve to aid in maintaining sleep through possible disturbances: â€Å"When one is sleeping and is exposed to a disturbing stimulus, psychological processes would work to incorporate the dream into a dream rather than allow the person to be woken† (Robbins 14). For example, a loud noise in the dreamer’s environment would be morphed into thunder in a dream by the mind to keep the dreamer asleep (Robbins 14). He also claimed that dreams used symbols to show us our hidden aggressive and sexual desires (The Diagram Group 32). Others suggested that dreams showed one’s hidden ambitions and fears, one’s desire for power and one’s past memories. Everything seen in a dream is a projection of the dreamer. Despite the theory, it was clear that dreams had a purpose in life rather than just to entertain dormant minds. From the earliest moments in time, people have wakened from sleep just after going through an experience they could have sworn had actually occurred; however they had only just experienced a dream, or a series of images, sensations, ideas, and emotions occurring in the mind during sleep. As time has passed and dreams have been recorded and recalled, categories of dreams have been developed: lucid dreams, where one knows he’s dreaming; nightmares, disturbing dreams with anxiety and frightening images; recurring dreams, repeating dreams with little variation; healing dreams, dreams that affect the body; prophetic dreams, dreams seemingly to predict the future; progressive dreams, a sequence of dreams that continue over period of nights; and epic dreams, vivid dreams that one cannot ignore (Dream Moods Inc). All these dreams have the common underlying fact that â€Å"[they] reflect your own underlying thoughts and feelings†¦ and [everything] in your dreams are personal to you† (Common). Dreams have been described as links to our subconscious. It is said that the subconscious never stops taking in all the factors, events and people that affect one’s life: †¦Henry Reed talks about a higher self, or â€Å"the witness†, which watches everything we do, say feel and think. Our high self never goes to sleep, it is always awake, watching, processing and seeing things from an objective perspective as we struggle through our lives (â€Å"Dreams†). Henry Reed, a psychology professor at UCLA, used the term higher self to refer to the subconscious of the body. The body and mind may sleep, but the subconscious does not, as if analyzes everything that one saw, experienced, smelled, etc and all other aspects of a person’s life. It recognizes stress and other negative factors impacting our lives, and, as a result, dreams are created in order to help people solve problems and get on with their journey through life. The subconscious can make images and â€Å"embed symbols inside of dramatic stories† in dreams so that â€Å"you can see yourself from the inside†, and be capable of solving personal issues one may never have recognized before, or has just neglected in hopes it would go away (â€Å"Dreams†). Dreams provide valuable insight deep within oneself, and have led to affect many people’s lives upon returning to reality. Dreams experienced during the night may majorly affect people for the rest of their day once awake. Dreams revolving around the body can help in avoiding potential health problems and aid in the healing process when one is sick or grieving (Dream Moods Inc). Bodies have the capability of warning the mind through dreams that something is wrong before physical symptoms even appear, leading to many people making sudden doctor and medical appointments. Dreams also have the ability to overall heal the mind and body through a feeling of rejuvenation. Progressive and recurring dreams help people solve problems they usually do not face directly and usually try to avoid. These can also be called problem solving dreams, as they allow one to explore different options and approaches to a problem, situation or relationship. Prophetic dreams appear to show future actions and events, or provide a sneak peak, before they occur in one’s life. These have potential to greatly alter one’s actions during the day, as one may try to change the future depending on the content. Dreams, in general, also have potential in determining one’s mood for the following day. Those that cause strong emotion or feelings canâ€Å"[affect] the body†¦ practically as much as does an†¦ emotion when awake† (Walsh). A dream that causes extreme sadness can lead to one absorbing that emotion and feeling it throughout the rest of the day. Dreams are packed with symbols and metaphors that can lead to realizations of feelings deep within oneself, such as hidden feelings of being powerless, vulnerable, alone or ashamed (Pliskin 123). If one realizes the symbol and attempts to change the feelings, dreams actually can be life changing experiences. Another area dreams serve in is in the creativity department. They sometimes serve as store houses for inspiration, as The Dream Foundation says, â€Å"†¦Artists, musicians, dancers, sculptors, and inventors are able to dive deep into the source of inspiration and explore the vast reaches of their own creative potential by meeting face to face with the unconscious†. The Beatles’ popular hits ‘Yesterday’ and ‘Let It Be’, Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide, and works by artists such as Billy Joel and Beethoven are all examples of creations based off dreams. Dreams have the potential to have a very large role in determining the actions we take in life. Upon awakening, one must remember this concept: Dreams serve as the voice of our subconscious, and if it’s ignored, it may try to gain your attention in a more powerful way. A more negative and powerful type of dream is the nightmare. The word nightmare actually alludes to a night devil, who people used to believe would approach you as you were sleeping and press against your chest which caused the nightmares (Robbins 10). Of course this belief has been discredited but it has not stopped people’s lives from being greatly affected by nightmares. What exactly could be behind you having a nightmare? Well, besides the chance that you may just have a nightmare one night, there are other pre-sleep activities that may cause nightmares. A late night snack actually leads to an increase of the metabolism and also increases brain activity (WebMD). Medications and drugs may also be underlying factors, as they affect the brain in numerous and varying ways. Lastly, post-traumatic stress disorder can lead to nightmares as it causes people to relive past horrifying experiences. Nightmares are caused by many things that impact and increase brain activity, as well as just past bad memories. However, these nightmares greatly impact one’s body. They can lead to sleeping deprivation, or insomnia, as they actually make one scared to sleep because of the chance of a recurring nightmare. Sleep deprivation then leads to other medical conditions such as heart disease, depression and obesity. Due to quickened heart rate and increased blood pressure from the fear and anxiety associated with nightmares, natural death can even actually occur for those with bad heart conditions. Along with all the physical effects on the body, nightmares, just like dreams, act as warnings and have deeper meanings while analyzed. One example of a common nightmare is being in an out of control car. This may be a signal that you feel your life is hectic (Dreams Foundation). If you find a way to slow life down this type of recurring nightmare may cease. If one tries to ignore or block nightmares, the subconscious, who is behind the content of the dream, may try to â€Å"speak louder to get our attention† (Dreams Foundation). They may start affecting our waking lives in sickness, accidents, relationship difficulties or other unfortunate issues that force us to deal with the problem. Although nightmares seem very negative one must remember this concept: â€Å"An avoidance or denial approach is much like putting a band aid on a car’s blinking oil light because the light seems annoying† (Dreams Foundation). Why ignore something that can potentially change your life for the better? The information I collected on dreaming led me to conclude that dreaming is, in fact, a huge part of our lives. Dreams virtually act as the voice of our subconscious and they warn us, help us and just sometimes allow us to go on adventures that are impossible in reality. Dreams occur for our benefit. That being said, nightmares occur for our benefit as well. Despite all the negative effects nightmares may have, they, just as dreams do, provide a window into our hidden and secret problems and ambitions. The purpose of dreams is not to supply pure entertainment while asleep, but to get out suppressed feelings that can change our life for the better. I was surprised to find that dreaming actually may lead to death as some people with worse heart conditions could die from the increase in heart rate while dreaming. I was also surprised to find that many artists are inspired by what images or people they see in their dreams. Further questions I have include how our mind is able to create places and people we’ve never seen before and yet make them meaningful and familiar to us? This research has most definitely opened my eyes to what’s really going on when my eyes are closed. In the future when I dream I shall be determined to find what the meaning is to me and how it can possible change my life for the better. Dream on.